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Uvala is originally a local toponym used by people in some regions in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia. In geo-sciences it denotes a closed karst depression, a terrain form usually of elongated or compound structure and of larger size than that of sinkholes (dolines). It is a morphological form frequently found in the “Outer Dinarides” anywhere between Slovenia and Greece. But large closed karst depressions are found on all continents in different landscapes and therefore uvala has become a globally established term, used also to distinguish such depressions from Poljes (size of many km). Definitions of uvalas are often poorly empirically supported. “The coalescence of dolines” is a most frequently found and still dominant explanation. Yet because of the ongoing dissatisfaction with this definition the term ‘uvala’ has often been belittled – occasionally it was even proposed that the term be given up altogether! However, recent empirical research (~2009) revised poor mainstream definitions, stating that “…uvalas are large (in km scale) karst closed depressions of irregular or elongated plan form resulting from accelerated corrosion along major tectonically broken zones.”〔Ćalić (2011), p. 41〕 This is arguing for the “re-introducing of uvalas into modern karstology” - distinguishing them from dolines and poljes in size (typically) and “also in morphology and combination of genetic factors”, which give them “a status of a particular karst relief form.”〔Ćalić (2011), p. 32〕 == Uvalas in early karstology == Thanks to the research work of the Serbian geographer Jovan Cvijić (1865-1927), the protégé of Albrecht Penck (the Nestor of the Vienna School of Physical Geography), the word uvala – like the words ‘karst’, ‘dolina’ or ‘polje’, popular terms of the Dinarides - became an established international standard. As the father of Karst Morphology and Hydrogeology, Cvijić envisioned the phenomena of karstology in his publications, first in regions of Europe and then all over the world. Early karstologists like Cvijić (1921)〔Mainly Davis (1899),Grund (1914) and Cvijić (1921)〕 believed the long term processes of evolution of each karst depression could be explained in cyclic theories: However, the increasing body of literature and data collected on karst on all continents, and the global insight that climate ought to be considered as an essential genetic factor in all karst analysis,〔The German geographer, Herbert Lehmann, was the first (1939) to analyze and emphasize (sub-)tropic karst.〕 raised growing concern that this definition may be unsatisfactory. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Uvala (landform)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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